Process for producing gasoline and other hydrocarbons



Nov. 30 1926.

B. ORMONT PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 'GASOLINE AND OTHER HYDROCARBONS 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed May 27, 1921 YWQW Nov. 30 1926.

B.oRMoNT ND OTHER HYDROCARBONS PROCESS FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE A Filed May 27, 1921 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 rh F.

Nov. 30, 1926. 1,608,664

B. oRMoNT PROCESS FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE AND OTHER HYDROCARBONS Filed May 27, 19214 3 sheen-snee?I s 61? qa n ||k l 6'/ l o M9 64 IL` j? KK 4.5

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`Patented Nov. 30, 16926.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

:BERNARD ORMONT, OE NEW YORK, N. Y., AssIGNoR To BERNARD O RMONT Asso- Om'rEs, ING., or NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION or NEW YORK.

PROCESS FOR PBODUGING GASOLINE- AND OTHER HYDROCARBONS.

Application filed Hay 27, 1921.- Serial No. 473,193.

This invention relates to a y producing lighter hydrocarbons, such as. gasoline for example, from heavier-hydrocarbons, and has `for its object to 4provide 5 a process which `will be more etiicient in operationthan those heretofore proposed.

`With these and other objects in view, c'the invention consists in the .novel steps and combinations of steps constituting the process,.al1 as will more fully appear below and be particularly pointed out in the claims. Referring to the accompanying drawings forming part of this specification, in designate like parts in which like numerals all the views:

process Figure 2 is a diagrammatic end elevational view, partially broken away, of one of the furnaces or heating chambers illustrated m Fi ,eure 1 ;v

Figure 3 is a diagrammatic horizontal cross sectlonal View taken approximately on the line 3 3 of Figure 2, looking downward Figure 4. 1s a detail vertical sectional view, taken approximately on thev line 4 4 of and 7 are the oil discharge pipes 12 and 13, respectively controlled by the valves 14 and 15 and connected to the oil feed line or pipe 16, which is adapted to feed the hydrocarprocess for to be disclosed. The said furnace 17 as is best illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3, comprises a. suitable structure 18 in lwhich are embedded a plurality oflrows of pipes 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 arranged substantially as shown. I

The intermediate portions of the pipes of each row, such as 19, for example, see Figures 2 and v3, may restupon suitable trans? versely extending supports 125, rotatably mounted in the bearings 126, embedded in the furnace'walls. and the endsl of said pipes are connected in series by means of the T connections 25 provided with the short nipples 26, as will be readily apparent, but such T connections in the rows 20, 21, and 22 are only shown on the rear end of the furnace, in Figures 1 and 2. The ends of the T connections which project through 'the walls of thefurnace structure 18 may be closed by suitable plugs 27, which, of course, may be removed, permitting the insertion of a cleaning device should it be necessary or desirable to clean out the interior of the pipes such as 19.

i elevational.

Figure 3, looking in the direction f of the The oil supply pipe 16 is connected to one arrows;

Figure' is a central vertical sectional view through one of the condensing tanks and one of the receiving tanks illustrated in Figure g1 and Figure 6 is a diagrammatic plan view of one of the cooling'coils employed `in the condensing tank shown in Figure 5.

1 indicates an oilsupply pipe provided withthe branches 2 and .3 spectively Vby the valves 4 and 5 leading into the upper portions of the tanks 6 and 7, as will be clear from Figure 1. A pipe 8 provided with the valve branches 9 and 10 is connected to the lower portion of the said tanks 6 and 7 and 'is adapted to supply watef or other uid un- .dei1 pressure-to theinterior of the said tanks. Said tanks are eachprovided lwith a draw off or discharge pipe 11 whereby they may 'flic drained whenever desired.

.V Leading from the top of end of the upper rowor series of pipes 19 as at 28 and the other end of the said 30 provided with a T connection 31, one leg of which is connected to the second row or series of pipes v20 and the other leg of which is connected to the `pipe 32leading from the lowermost row 'of piped-,23, for a purpose to be more fully disclosed below. controlled reconnected by a pipe33 to one end of the rowof pipes' 21 and the other end of-this latter row of'pipes is joined as by a pipe 34 to one end of the row of pipes 22, as will .be clear from Figure 2. The outlet end of this last mentioned series of pipes 22 is connected to la pipe ,which may lead to a second furnace or heating chamber 36, substantially similar lin design to the furnace 17 just described, in so far as the general construction is concerned, altilioughits pipe conthe said tanks 6 'nections are somewhat different. That is to controlled bon oils into the furnace 17, in a manner.

-series of pipes 19 is connected lto the pipe say, in the furnace 17 .the lowe'most row of pipes 23 is connected at one end to a pipe` 37 provided with a valve 38 through which Water may be introduced from the water supply pipe 8 into the said pipes 23. The other end of thih series of pipes may be connected by the pipe 32 to the T member 31, above described, whereby steam and Water vapors, .generated in the series of pipes 23, may be lmixed with the oil vapors from the series of pipes 19, al1 in amannerto be more fully disclosed below. On the other hand, the various pipes'in the furnace 36 are all connected in series, or, in other words` lthe vapors passing through the pipe. 35 from the furnace 17 are led to. the uppermostrow of pipes 40,'from whence they pass into the next ron7 of pipes 41 andthen successively through the succeeding rows of pipes 42, 43, and 44, emerging finally through the pipe 45 from the lowermost series 44, as will be'clearfrom Figure 1.

The said furnaces or .heating chambers 17 and 36 may be fired in any suitable manner, not shown, as, for example, by solid, liquid,"

or gaseous fuel;

vsa

The pipe 45 leading from the lowerinost series of pipes in the furnace 36 tonducts the y vapors to a condensing tank 46, the said pipe being provided with a plurality of inlets 47, 48 and/19 into said tank. These said inlets are preferably arranged substantially as shown', and serve to introducethe vapors into the said tank 46 at various levels for a purpose which Will appear more fully below. Each of the said inletsv is provided With a valve, whereby any one, two, or all of them may be opened or closed at the same time as varied working conditions require. The said tank 46 is providedV on its interior with a plurality bf perforated baffle plates 50, see Figure 5, preferably located at its middle portion.

Above the uppermost of` these said baflie plates 50, there is provided a cooling or heating coil 51 comprising a plurality of flat. spiral coils 52 joined in series as shown, andadapted to be supplied at the uppermost end `from a pipe 53, as will be clear from said Figure 5. The outlet end of the said cooling member 51 is connected as byv a pipe 54 to a lower cooling or heating member 55 constructed of flat spiral coil members 56 in ya manner similar to the upper member 51, just described. The outletend of this lower cooling member is connected as by a pipe 57 .provided with a valve 58,V to la suitable discharge pipe 59, substantially as shown. 60-indicates a water supply pipe joined to thewater supply ypipes 8 and 37. see Figure 1, and connected as by the valved connections 61 to the inlet pipe 53, whereby cooling water-may be introduced into the said cooling members 51 and 55, While 62 represents a steam supply pipe, joined as by the branch pipe 63, having a valve 64 to the said inlet pipe whereby steam may be admitted into the said coils 51 and 55 to heat the vapors should the operating conditions require heating rather than cooling. 4 Such of the vapors as are introduced 1nto the. tank 46 and are not condensed by means 'of the cooling pipes therein, may escape therefrom through the'pipe 65, provided with the valve 66, which pipe 65 is provided wlth a lurality of valved branches4 67, 68

-and '69 eading into a tank 70, which is or led to fourth, fifth andsixth tanks, if soy.

desired. I have only illustrated three ton'- (lensing tanks, but it is to be understood that as many tanks may be provided as are necessary to effect a substantial total condensation of the vapors at atmospheric pressure.

The tanks and 7 2 may also be provided with suitablefcooling members 7 3, 74, 7.5 and 76 similar to :the coils '51 and 55, with which the tank 46 is provided, and these cooling vcoils maybe connected to the Water supply pipe 60 as by the valved connections 77 and 78 respectively. They may also be connected to the disiharge pipe 59 by the valved connections 7 9 vand 86 respectively, as will be- `clear from Figure 1.

. vLocated adjacent each of the lcondensing tanks 46, 70 and 72 is a collecting tank such as 81, 82 land 83. 4The tank 46 is connected to the tank 81 as by thel l tank 70 is connected to t tank 82 bythe pipe andthe tank 72 is connected to the tank 83 by the pipe 86. These last mentioned connections 84, 85 and 86 constitute means 'whereby such hydrocarbons as are condensed in ther tanks 46, 70 andv 72 re spectively may be transferred linto the collecting tanks 81, 82 and 83, as will be readily apparent. f Should any of the vaporsv remain uncondensed upon passing through the last tank of the series, such vas 72, they may escape therefrom through a pipe 87 leading into the upper portion of the collecting tank 83. In like manner, said vapors may pass from tank 83 through a pipe 88, into the collecting tank82 and through a pipe 89 into the lpipe 84, While the tank 81, and from tank 81 any vapors may pass by way of a pipe 90 to and through a condensing coil -91 associated with a com- Wesson-92 adapted to compress the still uncon'densed vapors in order to liquefy them and obtainu therefrom additional condensate.

Said condensing coil 91 may, if desired, bel

cooled by any suitable means, not shown.

The'tanks 81, 82, and are provided With 4valved connections 94, 95, and 96 respectively, .connected to the pipey 97, which ,latter is connected as at 98 to the pipe 90y so that the vapors may be individually discharged from ,any of the said tanks 81, 82 or 83 directly to the condenser 91 without passing through the succeeding tanks. The

-said tanks 81, 82 and 83 are further provided with the outlet pipes 100, 101, and 102 respectively leading to receiving pans, not shown, whereby the condensed hydrocarbons may be removed therefrom.

103 ilndicatesa common return pipe which is connected to all of the tanks 46, 70, 72, 81, 82 and 83 as by the valved connections 104, 105,. 106, 107, 108, and 109 respectively, whereby any residues which accumulate in these said tanks may he returned to the pipe 16 and fed back through the furnaces 17 and 36 to' vbe reworked. In like manner, the tanks 46, and 72 are provided with suitable draw-off pipes 110, 111, and 112 through which any residues may be entirely 'with-v.'

drawn from the system.

As will presently appear from the description of the operation of the apparatus, it may sometimes happen that the temperatures within the tanks 46, 70 and 72 may be too low for the vefficient operation of the` process. That is to say, this being eisentially a process of fractional condensation,

certain predetermined temperatures should be substantially maintained in each of the 'said tanks, at which temperatures certain well known hydrocarbons will liquefy, while others will remain in the gaseous state. These temperatures may be indicated by suitable thermometers 115 carried bythe said tanks' and. should they fall below the minimum'necessary to condense the particular hydrocarbon desired in. that tank, the cooling wat-er passingthrough the coils such as 51, 55, 73, 74 and 75 and 76 may be cut off by means of the valves`61, 77 and 78 and steam may be passed through the said coils 51, 55, etc., from the steam line 62 through the various valved connections 63, 116 and 117.V Each of the saidtanks 46, 70 and v72 may also be provided with a pressure gauge lsuch as 118 in o rder that the prcsiures witln in the tanks may be known at all times, although the process is normally carried ron at substantially atmospheric pressure.

The details of carrying out the process through the use of the apparatus disclosed will be clear from the foregoing, but may be brieflv summarized as follows: l, It is preferable, although not absolutely essential, that the entire apparatus be first heatedv up to substantially its normal operating temperature. and to this endwatermay be'first passed into the series of pipes'23- from the pipe 37, and there vaporized by the burning of fuel within the furnace 17 TheV steam thus formed is permitted to pass through the pipes of both of the furnaces 174 and 36, and thiough the entire train of pipes into the said tanks will force the oil through the pipes 12 and 13 into and through the pipe 16 to the uppermost coil or series of pips 19 in the furnace 17, where it is vaporizec. into the row of pipes 23 being continued. the formation of steam within the said pipes 23 will continue, and the oil vapors passing from the row ofpipes 19 into the connection 30 and the water vapors escaping from the pipes 23 by way of the con- The flow of water from the pipe 37 ncction 32, will meet and mix at the T cony nection 3l and will then pass into the series ofpipes 20 to be afurther heat-ed. The said mixed vapors will pass through this said seres 20. through the connection 33 into and .through the pipes 21, through the connection 34 into and through the pipes 22 from whence they will escape by way of the pipe 35 leading to the uppermost series of pipes 40 to the second furnace 36. 1n like manner the mixed vapors will pass succes sively through the rows of pipes 41, 42. 43 and 44 of the said furnace 36 and will finally escape therefrom into the pipe 45 through which they will pass to the valved connections 47,48 and 49 leading into the condensing tank 46, as was above disclosed.

The quest-ion. as to which of these said connections 47, 48 or 49 or how many of them, shall'be used depends upon the temperature it `is `desired to maintain in 'the Atank 46, whichin turn will depend upon the particular hydrocarbon itis desired to pro duce therein. That is to say, it is evident if the vapors enter the saidrtank 46 through the connection 47 only', they will remain within the tank only a relatively short time lll) for a longer period of time within the tank and will be forced to give up more of their heat units, so thatA thetemperatiire of the tank lmay be increased to the desired point.

On the other hand, ifthe-temperaturc within the. tank '46 is maintained too high when the gases are entering through the connection L 17 alone, it may be reduced by the admission of cooling wat/er into the coils 51 and 55 as will be readily apparent.

Should it be found in operation that soule -of the products condensed in the tank 46 'should not properly come down there.` duc to the fact that too low a temperature is attained-coilsl and55 instead of being utilized as cooling coils may be connected by lneans of the valved connections 03 to the steam pipe 62 and steam passed through the said coils whereby the temprature. of the ltank may be suitably increased.

. ture control may be had as was disclosed in connection with the tank 46 and in which certain additional hydrocarbons will be condensed. These hydrocarbons may be transferred to the collecting tank 82 through the connection 85 and they may be withdrawn from the said tank 82 into a receiving,- pan l- 'through the-pipe 101. Any remaining gases which have not been condensed may leave the tank through the pipe` 71 and be introduced into the third tank 72 through the connections `120, 12,1, and 122, or any lof them, and the same process repeated. Thel liquids which arey condensed are withdrawn from the tank 83 through the pipe 86 and escape therefrom to receiving pans through the pipe 102. This cycle, of course, may be repeated as many times as necessary, depending upon' the number of condensing tanks such as 46, 70 and 72 which are provided.

The'liquids which are condensed in thc tank 16 will be of a very high specific gravity and corresponding' boiling points, whilel those which are condensed in the tanks 70 will have somewhat lower specic gravities and lower boiling points` and those which arc condensed in the tank'72 will havestill lower specific gravit'iesl and boiling points. This `decrease, in specific gravity and in boilin point will continue to the last' tank,

' w erein-the liquids having the lowestspe'- (ic gravities and boiling points will be prouce l It will be noted that theIr connections 84,

Y 85' and 86 leading from'the'ftanks 4670and .72 respectively into the tanks/81. 82 and 8.3

are located some distancel above the'bottoms of the said tanks.- Thispermits the condensed liquids to 'accumulate awithin the tanks 4G, 70 and 72, until they reach a cer-` tain level, whereby any impurities which may be present such as water, maybe permitted to settle to the bottom. The purest port-ions of the condensate will, of course, rise to the top and will be the portions which pass into the collecting tanks such as 81 throuh the connections such as 84. The impurities may be withdrawn from the tanks through the valvcd connections such as 104, 105. 106. into the pipe 103 through which they may return to the pipe 16 leading back to the furnace 17 where they may be reworked. 0n the other handA if said impurities have no ommercial value they may be entirely withdrawn from the tanks. through the draw-off pipes such as 110, 111, and 112.

It will thus be seen by following the process above outlined, I am enabled to accomplsh thc following advantageous results:

First. by controlling the flow of oil and water through the pipes of the furnaces 17 and 36, the temperature of the gases therein .may be maintained at any desired point,

preferably not exceeding, say. 750 F. This` temperature as will be appreciated, is exceedingly low. for this type of process, and tends to lessen the deposition of carbon in the furnace pipes while permitting the formation of hydrocarbons of high Baume gravities and low l'boiling points.

Second, it shouldhe noted that the pressures which may be used are approximately atmospheric, the gases being forced through the entire train only b v the pressure generated in their production. v

Third. owing to the fact that a relatively1 small quantity of liquid is in the apparatus aty any one time, the danger of explosion is minimized; and

.Fourth` the process may he run continuously. due tothe fact that the residues are continuously reworked and the deposition lof carbon in the furnace pipes is practically7 eliminated, so that the apparatus need seldom or never 4be shut down for cleaning.

Fifth. owing to the peculiar construction ofthe furnaces 17 and 36. should any por-` tion of the coils thereof be-ome clogged` burnt out, or otherwise inoperative. it is a comparatively simple matter to provide suitable' lay-passes and vcontinuously run the furnaces while the injured parts are removed and replaced.

Sixth, since the -oil is heated in the furnace to a` temperature sutiicient to' vaporizc the same, and since the temperature of the vapors are `under absolute control in the condensing tanks by the admission of water or of steam as ,may be required;l it is evident that the pressure of the vapors in said tanks` and therefore in the system. will likewise be regulated by the temperature maintained in said tanks, or inotherwords, said lpressure will be controlled by the rate of condensation Vof said vapors in said tanks,

-which isunder the control ofthe operator.

- Seventh, it is thus evident that` this process involves the heating of the oil to vaporfore, since the passage of the oil through the` apparatus is along a considerable length ot piping, or through valved passages, there is, of course, a greater or less amount of resistance offered to Athe passage of the vapors and' a very appreciable pressure can be and is usually maintained in the system, although the ends'of said piping or passages` are, or may be, open to the atmophere at all times. But this said pressure in the sys tem is very much less than is the pressure maintained in other prior systems` and in this case needs se1dom,if ever,.be above, say 50 or 75 pounds.. iind in actual tests that it need seldom be above '50 pounds, and I have found excellent results when the -pressure in the system is only 25 pounds, or 15 pounds, or even as low as 10 or fpounds, or less.

Eighth, another important feature of this invention resides in the fact that the pipes 19 and 40 and other parts of the furnaces containing steam such as the coils 2U, 21 and 22, tor example, are or may be made of an is found alloy of iron and silicon, containing, preferably, sayfrom 3% to 10% or higher of silifon` for it is found that the silicon apparently acts as acatalyst and improves the quantity of lighter hydrocarbons produced.

I find substantially the same improvef ment can also be had if an alloyof calcium, silicon, and iron or steel is employed. In practice however, `a very high silicon steel to be very satisfactory and the parts are replaced when they`become corroded.

' Ninth, a still further important feature of this invention resides in the fact that when the vapors of oil and steammeet, that portion of the oil that is still unvaporized passes down, the pipe 32 and through some of the pipes 23 to meet water in its liquid condition whereupon the heat of the furnace 17 vapo.;

rizes the water, or produces steam while it is substantially in contactpwith said oil.

I have found from actuall tests that the effect of this newly formed steam, or what I call nascent steam, upon the heated oil, produces a surprising result in that it will cause a vaporization of all of the heavier ends of the original oil into oil vapors, which after being passed-on through the system along with the iirst mentioned vapors are transformed into hydrocarbons of' verymuch less 'specific gravities and vof a commercial lvalue As a matter lof fact, I.

which is not the case when said heavier ends are treated vwith steam or heat alone.

That is to say, I can'even take the residue oi-ls or the slops, so called inthe refinery, and split them up into said lighter hydrocarbons. -Tl1e:e said residue oilsrequire a very hwh temperature 'for vaporization under prior treatments; and if it is attempted to vaporize the same by the ordinary methods, an excessive gas loss results, and their products are of no`commercial value. If treated with nascent steam by my method, on the other hand, the properties of the nascent steam seem to convert them into vapors which can for example be readily condensed into gasoline, kerosene and lubricating oil.

Thus it will be seen that some of the oil passed to the furnace 17 through the pipe 16, will not be vaporized inthe series of piping 19, with theresult that the unvaporized oil will pass the T connection 31, iiow downwardly through the pipe 32 and to and into the piping 23 in a direction from left to opposed to the direction of flow of the water entering the furnace through the pipe 37 and which likewise reaches and flows through that the piping 23 is adapted to have water and oil flow therethrough in opposite directhe pipe 23. In other words, it will be seen l tions or toward each other, with the result that there will be created in said piping 23 a region or area where said water will be turned into steam by the heat under the pip'- ing 23. The rate of tlow of the oil in said pipes is controlled, with the resultant discovery'that this process allows the oil to. flow to the said region in which the water is entirely vaporized, or in otherv words, allows the oil to substantially meet the water in its liquid condition. Further, I have disclosed above that in this region there is produced what I term nascent steam, which is that condition of steam existing at the instant of ends, thus making for improved productionv of oils fromV crude oil.

In the preceding description I have reterred tothe fact that the oil meets the water in 'its liquid condition, and also I have mentioned that the oil vapors mix` with the water vapors. Such phraseology `was used in the absence of proper terms which would exact'- p 1v describe whattakes place gin `my process. In otherwords, it is old inl the art to mix ,oil and water, and it is old 'tol mix oil with steam, and still further it is old to mix oil cent steam is produced. In other words,all

of the oil which reaches this region is vaporized at a temperature normally insuiiicient to vaporizel the heavier ends of said oil, dueto the nascent steam in, and the heat of,

' said region.

vso

Following up this discovery have repeatedly'worked the foregoing process starting with crude oils, drawnod the residue from the tanks 46, 70 and 72, through thev pipes 104, '105 and 106 respectively. Said residues were then passed back to furnace 17, throughpipes 103 and 16.

It is obvious that those skilled in the art mayv vary the details of construction and the arrangement of parts constituting the apparatus, as well as the precise mode of carrying out the process without departing from the spirit of the invention, and therefore, I do not wish to be limited to the above disclosure I' except as may berequired by the claims.

What I claim is :-v v 1. The method of vaporizing a hydrocarbon oil which consists inheating said oil to a vaporizing'temperature insuiiicient to com- Eletely vaporize the same; independently eating-Waterl to produce a region of nascent steam conveying the unvaporized5 oil to said region where said oil is completely vaporized; and subjecting the resultant mixturey of i oil vapors and steam to additional heating.

2. The method of completely vapori'zing a hydrocarbon oil which consistsin continuy ously vaporizing the lighter ends of said oil out "of contact with water; and subjectingl the unvaporized'oil to the action of heat and j nascent steam to completely vaporiz'e the same while the lighter ends are being so vapoi-ized. I

3. The method of completely vaporizing a hydrocarbon oil in a heater .'which consists in continuously vaporizing the lighter ends of `-said oil out of contact with water; conveying only the unvaporized oil to a region of nascent steam; and subjecting the unvaporized oil to the action of heat and nascent steam lto completely v'aporize the heavierl ends of' said oil,.'while the lighter ends are being sozvaporized.

j 4. The method of vaporizing a hydrocarbono oil which consists in introducing said oil and Water into a heater at 'separatepoints; vaporizing the lightervends of said o1l whlle creating a region of nascent steam out of contact with, said lighter ends; leading the unvaporized oil to said regionl to completely vaporize the same; and conveying the combined vapors of all of said oil and water out of said heater.

5. The method of vaporizing a hydrocarbon oil which consists in introducing said oil andwater into a heater at separate points; vaporizing the lighter ends of said oil adjacent one of said points While creatving a region'ofnasceut steam adjacent the other of said pointsand out of contact with said lighter ends; leading the unvaporized oil to said region to completely vaporize the same; and' conveying the combined vapors of all of said oil and .Water out of saidfl heater.

. 6. The method of vaporizing a hydrocarbon oil which consists in introducing a stream A of said oil into a heater; separately .introducing a stream ofA water into said heater; subjecting said oil and water to heat to vaporize the lighter ends of said oil at a point remote 'from said stream of water While simultaneously creating a region of nascent steam at the end of saidstream of water; and leading the unvaporized oil to said regon ,to completely vaporize the same by the action of said heat and nascent steam.

'7. The method of Vaporizing-'a hydrocarbon oil which consists in introducing said oil and water into a y"heater at separate points; heating said oil out of contact with said Water to atemperature above the boiling point of water adjacent one of said points Whilecreating a region of nascent steam adjacent the other 'of said points; and 1 leading the heated oil to said region to completely vaporize the same.

l In testimony whereof I afiix my signature.

BERNARD ORMONT. 

